• 专利附录
  • 专利说明
  • 权利要求
  • 类似技术
  • 同族专利
  • 引用文献
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  • 优先权
    • 专利摘要:
    A method of analysing coal or coke wherein the concentration of ash or mineral matter in coal or coke is determined from (i) the result of a measurement of transmission or scatter of X-rays or gamma -rays of a first energy chosen such that there is significant difference in absorption of radiation per unit weight in coal matter and mineral matter excluding iron, combined with (ii) the result of at least one further measurement of transmission or scatter of X-rays or gamma -rays at different energy/energies so chosen that there is significant difference in absorption of radiation per unit weight of coal matter and mineral matter and that the relative absorption per unit weights by said coal matter and said mineral matter at any one energy is significantly different from the relative absorption at each other energy including said first energy, and/or (iii) the result of a measurement of iron concentration by neutron capture gamma -ray techniques.
    公开号:SU852185A3
    申请号:SU762416156
    申请日:1976-10-29
    公开日:1981-07-30
    发明作者:Стэнли Ватт Джон；Леонидс Гравитис Вилис
    申请人:Аустрэлиан Атомик Энерджи Коммишн (Фирма)；
    IPC主号:
    专利说明:

    The invention relates to methods of radiation analysis of substances and can be used to determine the ash content of coal or coke by passing, scattering or scattering of x-ray 3 or gamma radiation.
    Accurate knowledge of the composition of coal or coke is very important in the process of ore preparation and for other productions. n duction using them, from the point of view of obtaining a stable υ charge composition or product produced.
    Stone angle and coke are composed of coal (oxygen and combustible substances - carbon, 15 hydrogen and a small amount of nitrogen and sulfur) and mineral (mainly non-combustible aluminum silicate and other silicates, as well as a small amount of partially combustible ™ iron sulfide). Ash is an oxidized non-combustible residue after coal combustion and is close in composition to the mineral substance.
    Accurate knowledge of the mineral content in coal is necessary from the point of view of coal mining, preparation and use. Particular advantages are provided by continuous monitoring of the composition of coal during its washing, mixing, coke production, power plant power management, metal smelting and gas production.
    Coal has a different mineralogical composition with a wide range of particle sizes, it is washed to reduce the content of the mineral substance and obtain a more homogeneous product, and is mixed to give it the properties necessary for its various applications) If the content of the mineral substance is continuously monitored, then the washing and mixing is better controlled, and the product is more homogeneous, with a lower mineral content and, therefore, with better properties.
    Known for continuous and rapid methods for determining the ash content in coal, based on the scattering of 8 particles or on the passage and scattering of x-ray or gamma radiation; in which the average atomic number of mineral components is higher than the atomic number of coal substance, and the interaction of 8 and и rays with atoms depends on the atomic number.
    S52185
    In methods based on the scattering of B particles, the intensity of their scattering depends on the average atomic number of the material. Since the average atomic number of coal increases with increasing mineral content, the intensity of the Particles dispersed by coal is proportional to the ash content.
    In methods based on the passage of X- or 2J-rays of low intensity, the intensity of radiation passing through a sample of a specific specific gravity per unit area decreases with an increase in the mass absorption coefficient (scattering) of the base material. At energies less than 10 keV, the mass absorption coefficient rapidly changes with the atomic number, which corresponds to a change in the transmission intensity with a change in the composition of coal.
    The ratio of the intensity D of the passage of a parallel beam of rays through a coal sample of thickness x and. 'density p to the intensity Z about the primary beam incident on the detector in the absence of a coal sample, is determined by the formula
    T = exp [H <E | u ; C.) rx], h) o
    where fj ·, and is the mass absorption and concentration coefficient (weight fraction) of the 1-to-F of coal element, respectively.
    Further, £ | U, · · C; = | u of coal substance X С of coal substance + / and mineral matter х С of mineral substance (2), and С of coal substance + С of mineral substance = 1. (3)
    Therefore, if the mineral substance contained in the test coal sample has an almost constant composition and if the specific gravity of coal per unit area (ρ · χ) is measured separately, and the results are obtained using formulas (1), (2) and (3) , then the concentration of the mineral substance, and hence the corresponding ash content, is determined.
    High sensitivity to a change in the content of a mineral substance can be obtained using methods based on the passage of X- and J-rays, since the sensitivity to the content of a mineral substance is proportional to x 'in equation (1).
    In methods based on the scattering of X- and jj-rays, the intensity of radiation scattered in the angle depends on the probability of coherent and Compton scattering and absorption of X- and rays inside the sample. The optimal energy level for obtaining maximum sensitivity to ash is from 10 to 20 keV. In this case, 3 * m (^ - ¾) ' (4) where / C; and C; - the mass absorption coefficient and concentration, respectively, for the 1st element of the coal sample, and K depends on the overall geometry and detection efficiency and on the power of the x-ray or gamma radiation source. If coal samples have a mineral substance with an almost constant chemical composition, then the content of the mineral substance and, accordingly, the ash content is determined by 11], C2], £ 3] and [4].
    The disadvantage of these methods is that the average atomic number of the mineral substance does not remain constant, and fluctuations in the iron content in the mineral substance and humidity lead to significant errors in the analysis of ash. Changes in the iron content in the mineral substance affect both the transmission and scattering of x-ray and gamma radiation inappropriately, and the methods using these phenomena are as follows.
    If the energy of X-rays of X-ray radiation30 is chosen close to the absorption level of the K-shell of iron (7.1 keV), the mass absorption coefficient of iron and its average value for the remaining components of the mineral substance are approximately the same and, consequently, the content of the mineral substance, and as a result , and ash is determined with sufficient accuracy. However, X-ray radiation of such energy is strongly absorbed by w and changes are possible with the use of finely ground (less than 0.3 mm) carbon, which limits the use of these methods.
    4S If, however, X-ray radiation with an energy of the absorption level of the K-shell of iron is selected, then a correction should be introduced depending on the iron content, since the absorption in it per unit weight is even greater than in the remaining components of the mineral substance. The introduced correction depends on the excitation of the iron k-shell by X-ray radiation. This method is used on a very fine grinding, since K ^ radiation is well absorbed in a coal layer less than 1 mm thick. Therefore, except for the cases when the iron content is practically constant, the content of mineral substance and ash is determined using X-ray or gamma radiation with a sufficient degree of accuracy only when the coal particles are very small.
    Therefore, the use of a method for determining the ash content in coal using x-ray radiation, as well as low-energy gamma radiation, is undesirable in cases where the iron content in the mineral substance is unstable, and also if the particle size of the coal is insufficient | small. Also not recommended practical application of the method determining the ash content, with sufficient accuracy using hydrochloric neytron-- 10 apparatus, in particular for the rapid analysis.
    The closest in technical essence to the proposed one is the 'method for determining the ash content of coal, 15 consisting in the fact that the coal is irradiated with x-ray or gamma radiation of two different energies, the forgiven or scattered radiation of each energy is recorded and the coal ash content is determined from the obtained 20 data [£ 5].
    However, this method does not allow to obtain high accuracy when measuring the ash content in coal.
    The purpose of the invention is to increase the accuracy of analysis.
    This goal is achieved by the fact that in the method for determining the ash content of coal, which consists in the fact that the coal is irradiated with x-ray or gamma-nepa ™ by two different energies and the transmitted or scattered radiation of each energy is recorded, the radiation energies are chosen so that the radiation absorption per unit weight of coal by a group of coal mineral components is different from radiation absorption per unit weight of coal substance for each energy and relative absorption per unit weight of the angle of emission of one energy 4 0 group of mineral components and coal matter is different from the relative absorption per unit weight of the radiation of other energy.
    The proposed method is carried out 45 as follows.
    The concentration of mineral components in coal or coke is determined from the measurement of the transmission or scattering of x-ray or gamma radiation of the first energy, selected in such a way that there is a significant difference in the absorption of radiation per unit weight in coal and mineral substances, in combination with the second measurement - rhenium transmission or scattering of x-ray or gamma radiation of the second energy, selected in such a way that the absorption of radiation per unit weight in the coal substance 40 is significantly different m in mineral absorption, and the relative absorption per unit weight in the mineral substances in coal at the first power differs greatly on the relative 65 in relative absorption at a second energy.
    The concentration of the mineral constituents is determined using the above measurements in combination with one or more additional measurements selected from measurements of weight per unit area, or a value proportional to the indicated, or measurements of bulk density. Usually only one of these two dimensions is required.
    In one case, the ash content is determined from two measurements of the scattering of x-ray or gamma radiation of low energy at different energies without the use of additional. measurements, if the geometry of the source, sample, and detector is chosen in such a way that the scattering intensity for radiation of both energies is practically independent of the bulk density of coal or changes identically with a change in bulk density.
    If the moisture content in coal or hydrogen in a coal substance varies markedly, an increase in the accuracy of determining the ash content can be achieved by combining the proposed method with measuring the moisture or hydrogen content by known methods, namely, scattering or transmission of neutrons, registration of gamma radiation resulting from neutron absorption hydrogen.
    The proposed method partially compensates for changes in the number of other elements, namely calcium or. sulfur in a mineral substance, which have a high mass absorption coefficient compared to the average for other components of the mineral substance, and, therefore, improves the accuracy of the analysis of the content of mineral substance and ash.
    A method using the passage of low-energy x-ray or gamma radiation with which it is possible to determine the ash content in hard coal directly in the array has a higher sensitivity to changes in ash content, i.e. in the hole.
    The proposed method is used to analyze coal directly on the conveyor, in a tray or in a pipe. The coal can be dry or in suspension, large chunks or finely ground. In addition, the method! Is used for continuous analysis of coal for ash content and for the analysis of discrete coal samples.
    The low energy values of x-ray or gamma radiation are selected based on specific conditions. For example, in the case of using low-energy X-ray or gamma radiation to determine the ash content of coal located on a conveyor belt, the X-ray energy is selected such that a noticeable absorption occurs in the thickness of the coal layer, providing high sensitivity to changes in ash content, however, this also requires a substantial passage of radiation through the coal layer to accurately measure the intensity of the rays.
    The following radioisotopes are used as sources of low-energy x-ray and gamma radiation for analysis: At - 241, Gd - 153, Cd - 109, Cm - 244, Pu - 238 and Co - 57. They can also be used as sources of direct radiation , and as sources for irradiating targets whose secondary radiation can have a wide range of intermediate energies. To obtain gamma radiation using Ba-133, Cs-137 and Co-60. Along with radioisotope sources, vacuum sources can be used, but they are much more complicated and expensive.
    In the case of continuous monitoring, radioisotope sources and detectors are predominantly arranged in a line parallel to the movement of coal so that the coal is in the field of view of each source-detector system for the same time.
    If the proposed method is used to analyze coal on a conveyor belt, then in some cases it is necessary to compensate for the change in the thickness of the conveyor belt, for which this thickness is continuously measured, for example, using conventional radioisotope equipment during the return stroke of the conveyor belt.
    PRI me. Coal 1 (see drawing) is located on a moving conveyor belt 2 and is illuminated by two beams of X-ray or gamma radiation formed by parallel beams of lead shields 3 in such a way that it is unlikely that the rays scattered by coal will enter the detector. The first beam comes from an x-ray source 4 with an energy of about 30 keV 'and is detected by a scintillation detector 5. The second beam comes from a source 6, which is Ba-133 and At-241, and is detected by another scintillation detector 7. 133 emits gamma radiation with an energy of 356 keV and other energies, and At-241 gamma radiation with an energy of 59.5 keV. A small screen is placed around the source of Ba-133 to reduce the intensity of Ba-133 emitted by low-energy gamma radiation (less than 100 keV) incident on detector 7, and thus increase the sensitivity to gamma radiation with an energy of 59.5 keV.
    The electronic equipment used with scintillation detectors 5 and 7 consists of a high-voltage block 8 for polarizing scintillation detectors, amplifiers 9, single-channel analyzers 10 or discriminator 11 for selecting pulse amplitudes corresponding to received x-ray or gamma radiation, as well as intermediate blocks 12 for communication the outputs of blocks 10 and 11 with a digital computer 13, which scales the electrical pulses and calculates the ash content.
    权利要求:
    Claims (1)
    [1]
    The invention relates to methods of radiation analysis of substances and can be used to determine the ash content of coal or coke by passing or scattering x-rays or gamma rays. Accurate knowledge of the composition of coal or coke is very essential in the process of preparing the ore and other industries that use them, from the point of view of obtaining a stable composition of shea, hty or produced product. Hard coal and coke consist of the actual coal substance (oxygen and combustible substances — hydrogen carbon and a small amount of nitrogen and sulfur) and mineral (mainly non-combustible aluminum silicate and other silicates, as well as a small amount of partially combustible iron sulfide). Ash is an oxidized, non-combustible residue after the combustion of coal and is similar in composition to the mineral matter. Accurate knowledge of the mineral content of coal is necessary from the point of view of coal mining, preparation and use. Special advantages are provided by continuous monitoring of the composition of coal in its washing processes, blending, coke production, power plant power management, metal smelting and gas production. Coal has a different mineralogical composition with a wide range of particle sizes, it is washed to reduce the mineral content and to produce a more homogeneous product, and it is also blended to give it the properties necessary for its various applications; If the mineral content is monitored continuously, then the washing and mixing processes are better controlled, and the product is more homogeneous, with a lower mineral content and, therefore, with better properties. Continuous and express methods are known for determining the ash content in coal based on the scattering of O particles or on the transmission and scattering of x-ray or gamma radiation, in which the average atomic number of the mineral components is higher than the atomic number of the coal substance, and the interaction B 1} -rays with atoms depends on the atomic number. In methods based on the dispersion of B particles, the intensity of their dispersion depends on the average atomic number of the material. Since the average atomic number of coal increases with increasing mineral content, the intensity of the particles dispersed by the coal is proportional to the ash content. In methods based on the passage of low-intensity X or-rays, the intensity of the passage of radiation through a sample of a certain specific weight per unit area decreases with increasing mass absorption coefficient (dispersion of the base material. At energies less than 10 keV, the mass absorption coefficient changes rapidly with atomic number, which corresponds to a change in the intensity of passage with a change in the composition of the coal. The assignment of intensity 3 passes a parallel beam of rays through the sample of coal thickness x. and density p to the intensity DQ of the primary beam incident on the detector in the absence of a sample of coal is defined by the formula § - exp - (: u, .c.) px, where | U, and is the Mass Absorption Coefficient and the concentration (weight fraction) -tog of the coal element, respectively. Then jU C; (U coal substance X С coal substance n-; and mineral substance x С mineral substance (2), and C coal substance + C mineral substance 1. (3) Therefore, if the mineral substance contained in the coal sample under test has an almost constant composition and, e If the specific gravity of coal per unit area (p-x) is measured separately, and the results are obtained using formulas (1), (2) and (3), then the concentration of mineral matter, and hence the corresponding ash content, is determined. High sensitivity to treason. The content of the mineral substance can be obtained by using methods based on the passage of X- and 55 rays, since sensitivity to the content of minerals is proportional to x in the equation (1). In the methods based on the scattering of X- and 2P-rays, the intensity of the radiation scattered in the angle depends on the probability of coherent and Compton scattering and on the absorption of X- and 4-rays inside the sample. The optimum energy level for maximum ash sensitivity is between 10 and 20 keV. In this case) where w and C are the mass absorption and concentration coefficients, respectively, for the 1st element of the coal sample, and K depends on the overall geometry and detection efficiency and on the power of the x-ray or gamma radiation source. If coal samples have a mineral substance with an almost constant chemical composition, then the mineral content and, accordingly, the content of EOLA is determined by Cl, I, C3 and G4. The disadvantage of these methods is that the average atomic number of the mineral substance does not remain constant, and fluctuations in the iron content in the mineral substance and moisture content lead to significant errors in the analysis of the ash. Changes in the iron content of the mineral matter affect both the transmission and scattering of x-rays and gamma rays and, accordingly, the methods using these phenomena, as follows. If the X-ray energy of X-rays is chosen to be close to the absorption level of the K-shell of iron (7.1 keV), the mass absorption coefficient of iron and its average value for the remaining mineral components are approximately the same and, therefore, the content of mineral matter, and as a result and the ash is determined with sufficient accuracy. However, X-ray radiation of such energy is strongly absorbed and changes are possible when using finely ground (less than 0.3 mm), which limits the use of these methods. If, on the other hand, X-rays with an energy higher than the absorption level of the K-shell of iron are chosen, then an amendment should be introduced depending on the iron content, since the absorption per unit weight is much greater than in the other mineral components. The input is dependent on the excitation of the iron K-shell by X-rays. This method is used on a very thin grind, since CD radiation is well absorbed in the coal layer less than 1 mm thick. Therefore, except in cases where the iron content is almost constant, the content of mineral matter and ash is determined by x-ray or gamma radiation with a sufficient degree of accuracy only when the particles of coal are very small. Therefore, the application of the method for determining the ash content in coal using x-ray radiation and low-energy gamma radiation is undesirable in cases when the iron content in the mineral substance is not constant, as well as if the size of the coal particles is insufficient. Also, the practical application of the method for determining the ash content with sufficient accuracy using neutron equipment, especially for express analysis, is not recommended. The closest in technical essence to the proposed proposal is a method for determining the ash content of coal, which means that the coal is irradiated with x-rays or gamma radiation of two different energies, the transmitted or dispersed radiation of each energy is recorded and the resulting ash coal C However, this method does not allow to obtain high accuracy when measuring the ash content in coal. The goal of the inobject "and - improving the accuracy of the analysis. The goal is achieved by the fact that in the method of determining the ash content of coal, namely, that the angle is irradiated with x-rays or gamma rays of two different energies, the transmitted or scattered radiation of each energy is recorded, the radiation energy values are chosen so that the absorption of radiation per unit weight the coal group of the mineral components of the coal is different from the absorption of radiation per unit of weight by the corner substance for each energy and the relative absorption per unit of weight of the angle of radiation of single energy by the group of mineral the carbon content and carbon matter differ from the relative absorption per unit of weight of the radiation of a different energy. The proposed method is carried out as follows. The concentration of the mineral components in the coal or coke is determined from the result of measuring the transmission or scattering of the x-ray or gamma-radiation of the first energy, chosen in such a way that there is a significant difference in the absorption of radiation per unit weight in the coal and in the mineral substances, in combination with the second measurement of the passage or scattering of x-rays or gamma rays of the second energy, chosen in such a way that the absorption of radiation per unit weight in the coal substance is significantly different m in mineral absorption and relative abs schenie per unit weight in the mineral substances in coal and the first energy significantly different from of relative absorbance at the second energy. The concentration of the mineral components is determined by the above measurements in combination with one or more additional measurements selected from measurements of weight per unit area, or a value proportional to the indicated, or measurements of bulk density. Usually, only one of these two dimensions is required. In one case, the ash content is determined from two measurements of low energy x-ray or low-energy gamma radiation at various energies, with additional uses. measurements, if the geometry of the source, sample and detector is chosen in such a way that the scattering intensity for emitting both energies is almost independent of the bulk density of the coal or changes the same as the bulk density changes. If the moisture content in coal or hydrogen in coal matter changes dramatically, an increase in the accuracy of determining the ash content can be achieved. Combining the proposed method with measuring the moisture or hydrogen content by known methods, such as scattering or passing neutrons, recording gamma radiation arising when neutrons are absorbed by hydrogen. The proposed method partially compensates for changes in the number of other elements, namely calcium or. sulfur in the mineral substance, which have a high mass absorption coefficient compared to the average for the other mineral substance components, and therefore improves the accuracy of the analysis of the mineral content and ash content. A method that uses the passage of low-energy x-ray or gg1mma radiation, which can determine the ash content in coal directly in an array, i.e., has a higher sensitivity to changes in ash content. in the hole ... The proposed method is used for analyzing coal directly on a conveyor, in a tray or in a pipe. Coal can be dry or in the form of a suspension, in large pieces or finely ground. In addition, the method is used for continuous analysis of coal for ash content and for analysis of discrete coal samples. The magnitudes of the low energy x-ray or gamma radiation are chosen on the basis of specific conditions. For example, in the case of using low-energy x-ray or gamma radiation to determine the content of EOLA in X1 angle, located on a belt conveyor, the X-ray energy is chosen such that a marked absorption occurs in the thickness of the carbon layer, providing high sensitivity to changes in ash content, however, a substantial passage of radiation through the coal layer is also necessary to accurately measure the intensity of the passage of the rays. The following radioisotopes are used as sources of X-ray and gamma radiation of low energy for analysis: Am - 241, Gd - 153, Cd - 109, Cm - 244, Pu - 23 and Co - 57. They can be used both as sources of direct radiation and as sources for irradiating targets, the secondary radiation of which can have a wide range of intermediate energies. Ba-133, Cs-137 and Co-bo are used to obtain gamma radiation. Along with radioisotope sources, vacuum sources can be used, since they are much more complicated and expensive. In the case of continuous monitoring, the radioisotope sources and detectors are preferably located in a line parallel to the movement of the coal so that the coal is found in the field of view of each cHCTaNM source of the detector the same time. If the proposed method is used for coal analysis on a belt conveyor, in some cases it is necessary to compensate for the change in the thickness of the conveyor belt, for which this thickness is continuously measured, for example, using conventional radioisotope equipment during the return run of the conveyor belt. P r and m er. Coal 1 (see drawing) is on a moving conveyor belt 2 and is illuminated by two beams of x-ray or gamma radiation generated in parallel beams with lead screens 3 in such a way that the beam scattered by coal into the detector is not enough. The first beam comes from source 4 X-ray radiation, which has an energy of about 30 keV, is recorded by a scintillation detector 5. The second beam comes from source 6, Ba-133 and At-241, and is detected by another scintillation detector 7. Ba-133 emits gamma-ray 356 keV and other energies, and At-241 gamma radiation with 59.5 keV energy. A small screen is placed around the Ba-133 source to reduce the intensity of low-energy gamma radiation emitted by Ba-133 (less than 100 keV), falling on the detector 7, and, thus, increase the sensitivity to gamma radiation with an energy of 59.5 keV. Electronic equipment used with scintillation detectors 5 and 7 consists of a high-voltage unit 8 for polarizing scintillation detectors, amplifiers 9, single-channel analyzers 10 or discriminator 11 for selecting pulse amplitudes corresponding to received X-ray or gamma radiation, as well as intermediate blocks 12 for communicating the outputs of blocks 10 and 11 with a digital calculator 13, which scales electrical pulses and calculates the ash content. Claim Method The method for determining the ash content of coal, consisting in the irradiation of coal by x-ray or gamma radiation of two different energies and recording the transmitted or scattered radiation of each energy, the results of which judge the ash content of the coal, characterized in that The values of the radiation energy are chosen in such a way that the absorption of radiation per unit weight of coal by the group of mineral components of coal is different from the absorption of radiation per unit weight by coal substance for each energy and the relative absorption per unit of weight of the radiation of one energy by a group of mineral components and the coal substance differs from the relative absorption per unit weight of the emission of another energy. Sources of information taken into account in the examination 1. Cameron J.E. Ash content and Ca 1 oriFi Va 1ue Coal with Radioisotopic tnst rumen ts. Proc. 2-nd Symp. LOW-Energy X-and Gamma Sources and Applications, Austin, Texas, March ,. 1967, ORKL-T 1 C-1 0, 2, 1967, p. 903. o2. Nagy M.Varga R. Determination of Transmission Method, Radiology and Radiation Engineering. Proc. Symp. Warsaw, 1965, 1, 3AEE, Vienna, 1966, p. 245. 3.Cameron 3.F., Claytln C.G. Radioisotope Instruments. Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1971, p.99. 4.Rhodes J.R. et a1. A Coal-Ash Moni tor wi th Low Oependance on Ash Comoosition. Radioisotope Instruments
    I
    In Induitry and Geophysics. Proc. Symp. Warsaw, 1965, 1, 0AEE, Vienna, 1966, p. 447.
    5. USSR author's certificate O 129355, cl. G 01 N 23/02, 1960 (prototype).
    V.
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    申请号 | 申请日 | 专利标题
    AUPC376075|1975-10-29|
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